This book is an international effort to standardize the language, terms, and methods used in ocular toxicology.With over 300 color illustrations this consensus volume provides standards and harmonization for procedures, terminology, and scoring schemes for ocular toxicology. it is essential for industry, pharmaceutical companies, and governmental agencies to help improve the drug development process and to reduce and refine the use of animals in research.Standards for Ocular Toxicology and Inflammation is endorsed by theAmerican College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.

Dr. Brian Gilger received his veterinary degree from The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. After an ophthalmology residency and masters degree at Auburn University, Dr. Gilger returned to The Ohio State University as an Assistant Professor; then in October 1995, he joined the faculty at North Carolina State University where he is now a Professor and head of clinical ophthalmology. Dr. Gilger has been president of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, a board member of the Ocular Toxicology Sub-specialty (OTSS) of the Society of Toxicology, and a member of the AAALAC Board of Trustees. Dr. Gilger has been a member of the Association in Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) since 1989 and served on the ARVO Animals in Research Committee for 8 years, including serving as chair of this committee for 3 years. He is a Silver Fellow of ARVO (2016). He is the co-founder and current President of the International Equine Ophthalmology Consortium.He is board certified in Veterinary Ophthalmology and Toxicology. Dr. Gilgers research is focused on sustained ocular drug delivery, ocular pharmacology, gene and cell therapy, animal models of ocular inflammation, and ocular immunology. He is a consultant for many pharmaceutical companies and CROs, has authored over 150 peer-reviewed scientific manuscripts, has written over 30 book chapters, and is the editor of six books, including 3 editions of Equine Ophthalmology, the 2014 Springer publication Ocular Pharmacology and Toxicology.

Dr. Cynthia Cook received the DVM degree from Iowa State University. She completed a residency in veterinary ophthalmology concurrent with a Masters Degree in Pharmacology and Toxicology at North Carolina State University, following by a PhD in Cell Biology and Anatomy at the University of North Carolina. Dr. Cook became board certified in veterinary ophthalmology in 1986 and has served as the President of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists and on the Board of the American Board of Veterinary Ophthalmology. She is currently in private practice in Northern California and serves as a consultant in the pharmaceutical industry and in academia at the University of California, San Francisco. She has authored numerous publications and book chapters and has served on the editorial board for publications including Veterinary Ophthalmology and Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

Dr. Michael Brown received his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Kansas State University in 1992 and then performed a small animal internship at the Animal Medical Center in New York City. After returning to Kansas State University for a comparative ophthalmology residency, he received a Master of Science degree for his biochemical study of animal tears. Dr. Brown became a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists in 1996, when he startedthe ophthalmology practice in Little Falls, NJ. Dr. Browns special interests include diseases of the cornea, corneal surgery, intraocular surgery, diseases of the retina, ophthalmic photography and the role of oxidative stress and nutrition on diseases of the eye. He has written numerous scientific papers and is a noted national lecturer throughout the country, providing veterinary ophthalmology continuing education for veterinarians and technicians. Dr. Brown consults closely with research organizations to help improve ocular health and vision in animals and people.

Standards for Conducting Ophthalmic Examinations in Laboratory Animals.- Standard Operating Procedures for Common Ocular Experimental Procedures.- Harmonization of Lesion Nomenclature and Incidence of Disease.- Frequency of Spontaneous Ocular Lesions in Laboratory Animal Species.- Standard Ocular Irritation and Inflammation Scoring-Anterior and Posterior Segments.